Jurisdictional forest finance was designed to solve a credibility problem. Project-based carbon offsets struggled with permanence, leakage, and verification. Individual landowners could not guarantee multi-decade ecological outcomes. Contracts were narrow. Enforcement was fragmented. When forests burned, political responsibility dissolved into…
Resilience bonds are often presented as a logical evolution of catastrophe finance. Where catastrophe bonds transfer risk after it exists, resilience bonds are meant to fund interventions that reduce that risk in the first place. Capital is deployed upstream, infrastructure…
Catastrophe bonds are often cited as one of the most successful financial innovations in disaster risk management. They allow insurers and governments to transfer extreme, low-probability risks to capital markets, expanding capacity beyond what traditional reinsurance alone can provide. Investors…
